ABSTRACT
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Judaism was perceived as an image-less or aniconistic religion and therefore as art-less. As a consequence of this, Judaism has and continues to be represented as replete with iconoclastic tendencies.1 This association between Judaism and aniconism, or the absence of images, renders this tendency a religious phenomenon, and thus, as a practice, one opposed to the visual in Judaism, Islam and Byzantine culture.
