ABSTRACT
This chapter addresses two themes that historically connect the San Francisco System (SFS) to Indigenous peoples, both of which relate to the United State's Cold War policies of containment and integration. The United States used San Francisco Peace Treaty (SFPT) and maintained military bases and performed military tests on many of the islands in the region. One of the most notable is that of Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Devastated by cold war, Okinawa became both pawn and benefactor of the two-pronged US military strategy of containment against both communism and future Japanese militarization. Early Utari Association of Hokkaido (UAH) and other Ainu organization's visits and studies on other minority and Indigenous peoples fueled a resurgent Ainu movement during the 1970s. Domestic US politics, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) rise to power, the Kuomintang (KMT) retreat to Taiwan and border regions in Southeast Asia, and the outbreak of the Korean War all provided important backdrops to decision-making behind the SFPT.
