Index

Action Units (AUs) 179, 192, 193f, 195, 196

Adams, R. B., Jr. et al. 323 adaptation 48, 161, 262, 299, 300-1,

306 Adelson, E. H. 187 adults: other-species face processing

299-302; own-race bias 91-2, 93 Affective Lexical Priming Score (ALPS)

117-18 age: facial changes 261-2, 262f; and

own-gender bias 245; and sex differences 236, 243, 244-8; see also own-age bias

Allwood, C. M. 217 Ambady, N. 27-8, 30, 195 Amodio, D. M. 331 amygdala 8, 11-12, 13, 14 Anastasi, J. S. 263, 264 anterior cingulate cortex 11-12, 13 anterior cingulate gyrus 14 anterior paracingulate cortex 8 anterior temporal cortex 8 anterior temporal regions 8 Anzures, G. et al. 76, 80 auditory cortex 8 AUs see Action Units (AUs)

Bachevalier, J. 300 Bäckman, L. 263 Balas, B. 52, 128-9, 141, 298 Bar-Haim, Y. et al. 128, 129 Barch, D. M. 258 Barkowitz, P. 257 Bartholow, B. D. 31 Bartlett, J. C. et al. 263, 266

Basso, M. R. et al. 257 Bayesian face recognition model 52, 63,

67-85; classification of new difference images 74-5; extrapersonal variation 52, 67-8, 68f, 69f, 81-4; intrapersonal variation 52, 67-8, 68f, 69f, 81-4; overview 67-71; race categories 75-8; to study development 71-5, 73f; training data 69-71, 73-4, 76-7; and visual learning 81-4; results 78-80, 79f, 79t; discussion 80-4

Bell, C. 173 Bengner, T. et al. 257 Bentin, S. et al. 34 Bernstein, M. J. et al. 270, 317, 322 bias: evaluative bias 25-6; and social

categorization 26-31; see also own-age bias; own-gender bias; own group biases; own-race biases; own-species face bias

bilaterial-occipital cortex 16 biographical information coding 8 birds 34, 108, 109, 110, 112, 115 Blanz, V. 130 BOLD (blood oxygen level-dependent)

response 232, 246 Boman, E. 257 Brebner, J. L. et al. 128, 129, 142 Brigham, J. C. et al. 257 Brosch, T. et al. 9t, 12, 13, 14 Brown, W. 259 Bruce, V. 151-2, 343-4 Bryce, M. S. 271 Buckhout, R. 151 Bukach, C. et al. 161, 162, 213 Bülthoff, H. H. 83

Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT) 243-4

Campbell, R. et al. 301, 305 Carroo, A. W. 257 cataract patients 297-8 categorisation of faces 7-8, 95-7, 109-10,

111f, 213, 245, 301, 305; see also Categorization-Individuation Model

Categorization-Individuation Model (CIM) 109, 212-13, 245-6, 270-1; categorybased assimilation and motivation 322-3; causes of own group biases 323-9; person perception 319-21; see also CIM extended model

CFE see composite face effects CFMT (Cambridge Face Memory Test)

243-4 Chance, J. E. et al. 257 Chapman, H. A. et al. 175 children: eye contact 231; face recognition

231, 236, 242; face space, categorization and processing 95-7, 295, 296, 298-9; other-species face processing 297-9; own-age effects 264, 267; own-gender bias 246-8; own-race biases 91-100; social preferences 98, 99; stereotyping 98-9

chimpanzees: face recognition development 84, 305-7, 308; otherspecies face biases 305-7

Chomsky, N. 189 CIM see Categorization-Individuation

Model CIM extended model 321-36; applications

335-6; identity-/category-diagnostic information 334-5; open questions in extended model 329-35; own group biases 316, 318-19, 320-36; perceiver experience 321-2, 323-4, 324f, 332-4; perceiver motivation 321-2, 324f, 325-6, 329-34

colour categorization 187 composite face effects (CFE) 269, 276,

277, 278 computational perspectives on ORE 2,

45-59; approaches 47-8; autoassociative neural networks 48-50; Bayesian model 52, 63, 67-85; computational modelling 48-57; contact hypothesis 49-50; definitions 46; demographic effects 56-7;

developmental contact hypothesis 51-2; eigenfaces 64-5, 247; feature configuration 46; FERET program 50-2, 76; FRGC test 54; FRVT test 54-5; human-machine comparisons 53-7; identity verification 46, 53, 57, 59, 344-5; noncontact algorithms 51; perceptual narrowing 52, 63, 80-1; performance measurement for algorithms 57-8; principal components analysis (PCA) 48, 49, 53, 64, 65; race categorization 53; role of experience 47; conclusions 58-9; see also infancy: developing race categories

configural processing 95-6, 149, 232, 265, 269, 296, 301; see also holistic coding differences

conflict 11 Connellan, J. et al. 231 contact hypothesis 49-50 Conway, C. A. et al. 301 Cornish, K. M. 259 Correll, J. et al. 25 Cottrell, G. W. 53 Cox, D. D. et al. 83 critical period hypothesis 51 Crookes, K. et al. 156-7 cross-cultural communication see facial

expressions of emotion Cross, J. F. et al. 317 cross-race effect (CRE) see other-race

effect cross-sex effect see own-gender bias cultural learning 12, 14 Cunningham, W. A. et al. 9t, 11, 14, 317,

322, 327-8 Curran, T. 34

Dahl, C. D. et al. 305-6, 307 Darwin, C. 173-5, 178, 199 Davidoff, J. et al. 187 Davies, G. 257, 344-5 de Haan, M. et al. 293 de Heering, A. 269 de Menezes, J. C. 344-5 decoding techniques 13 DeGutis, J. et al. 157 demographic effects 56-7 Dennett, H. W. et al. 257 Deregowski, J. B. 119 developmental contact hypothesis 51-2

Di Giorgio, E. et al. 290-1 Dickes, R. 231 Dickter, C. L. 31 disgust, expressions of 174, 174f, 175, 194 Dodson, C. S. 271 dogs 34, 109, 115, 300 dorsal striatum 14 dorsal visual stream 7, 8 dorsolateral prefrontal gyrus 14 Droucker, D. 114 Duchaine, B. 257 Duchenne, G. B. 173 Dufour, V. 300 dynamic interactive theory of person

construal 27-8

Ebner, N. C. 273-4 eigenfaces 64-5, 247 Ekman, P. et al. 178-9, 182-3 Elfenbein, H. A. 195 Ellis, H. et al. 257 emotion see facial expressions of emotion Endo, M. 64 entry point of recognition 108 Entwisle, D. R. 257 episodic memory retrieval 8, 231-2, 243,

246 ERP N170: age perception 274-8, 275f;

category experience 114-15, 292; other-race effect 34-6, 279; otherspecies face processing 301-2; structural face encoding 33-4, 331

ERP N250: subordinate-level categorization 29n, 115-17, 116f, 275f, 276-7, 280

ERP N290: infant face processing 292-3 ERP P400: infant face processing 292-3 Etaugh, C. 257 evaluative bias 24, 25-6 event-related brain potentials (ERPs): in

race perception 22-6, 27, 28, 29-30, 31-7; and social categorization 21, 22-3; vertex positive potential (VPP) 302; see also ERP N170; ERP N250; ERP N290; ERP P400

experience: definitions 47 experience hypothesis 5, 92, 155, 320-1 expression 7 extrapersonal variation 52, 67-8, 68f, 69f,

81-4 eye contact 93, 231, 247

eye-tracking studies 81, 83, 93-4, 183, 185, 301, 307

eyewitness testimony 149, 212, 335, 336, 344

face familiarity 8, 11-12, 14-15 face parts 7 face processing 6-7, 295-6, 299-300; in

cataract patients 297-8; in children 95, 295, 296, 297-9; in infants 95-6; side bias 298-9; see also configural processing; featural processing; holistic processing

Face Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC) 54

face recognition tasks see own-gender bias; travel document screening

Face Recognition Technology (FERET) program 50-2, 76

Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) 54-5

face scanning 93-4 face selective fusiform gyrus 15, 16 face space 329-30; in children 96; in

computational models 48, 63-4; in infancy 63-5, 92-3; multidimensional (MDS) model 109-10, 111f, 265-6

faces vs objects 6-7 Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

179-80, 181, 195-6, 198 Facial Affect Programme 182 facial changes in age 261-2, 262f facial expressions of emotion 2-3,

172-200; anthropological observations 176; biological origins 173-5, 195; coevolution of signalling and decoding 186-9, 199; communication: signalling and decoding 176-7, 177f; cultural differences in decoding 182-6, 184f; culture-specific signalling 189-92, 191f, 193f, 195, 197; decoding signals 178-86; disgust 174, 174f, 175, 194; fear 174, 174f, 175, 194; free labelling 182; mental representations 186-8; nAFC designs 179-81, 181f; neural perspectives 8, 11; sex differences in perception 231, 232; universality hypothesis 178-82, 181f, 192, 194-6; Western-specific expressions 195-6; future research 196-200

facial movements 7

FACS see Facial Action Coding System Fair, J. et al. 294 Farah, M. J. 153, 154f, 157 Farkas, L. G. et al. 119 Fazio, R. H. et al. 24 fear, expressions of 174, 174f, 175, 194 featural processing 95-6, 149-50; see also

holistic coding differences Feature-Specific Hypothesis 109 Feinman, S. 257 Feng, L. et al. 10t, 15-16 FERET see Face Recognition Technology

(FERET) program FFA see fusiform face area Fiorentini, A. 188 Fischer, H. et al. 257 fMRI (functional magnetic resonance

imaging) 6; BOLD response 232, 246; own-age bias 274; socioaffective processing for own-/other-race faces 8, 9t, 11, 279, 331; visual processing differences 10t, 11

Freeman, J. B. 27-8, 30 FRGC (Face Recognition Grand

Challenge) 54 Friesen, W. V. 178-9 FRVT (Face Recognition Vendor Test)

54-5 Fujita, K. 303, 304 Fulton, A. 266 Furl, N. et al. 50, 52, 66, 67, 213 fusiform face area (FFA) 6, 7-8, 13, 15,

16, 232, 295-6, 331 fusiform gyrus 14, 16, 232, 279, 296

Gauthier, I. et al. 7 gaze 7, 120, 190, 244, 323 gender categorization 12, 22; see also

own-gender bias General Pattern Recognition Theory 189 Generative Face Grammar (GFG) 190,

192, 193f, 198 Ghanzanfar, A. A. 294 Gobbini, M. I. 8, 14 Golby, A. J. et al. 10t, 15, 16 Goldinger, S. D. 330 Goldstein, A. G. 257 Goodman, L. R. et al. 257 Gordon, I. 115 Greenwald, A. G. et al. 117 Greer, T. et al. 9t, 13

Grenander, U. 189 Griffiths, L. 344-5 Gruzelier, J. H. et al. 257 Guillem, F. et al. 258 Gur, R. C. et al. 258

habituation 12, 93, 292, 307, 321 Halit, H. et al. 293 Hancock, K. J. 152, 213 Haque, A. 53 Harrison, S. et al. 161-2 Hart, A. J. et al. 9t, 12, 14 Hassing, L. et al. 258 Haut, K. M. 258 Haxby, A. J. et al. 7-8 Haxby, J. V. et al. 6n, 7, 8, 14 Hayward, W. G. et al. 141, 159f, 163, 164f He, Y. et al. 26, 266 Herlitz, A. et al. 245, 258, 259, 278 Heron-Delaney, M. et al. 290 Herzmann, G. et al. 117, 258 Hill, R. D. et al. 258 Hills, P. J. 119-20 hippocampus 12 Hirata, S. et al. 307 Hittelman, J. H. 231 Hole, G. J. 158 holistic coding differences 2, 148-68,

343-4; composite task: interference 150, 158-62, 159f, 167-8; direct measurement: configural/featural differences 150-1, 165-6, 168; inversion: disruption 150, 151-3, 166-7; part-whole task: facilitation 150, 153-8, 167; scrambled/blurred task 163-5, 164f; conclusions 166-7

holistic processing 15, 95, 96, 122, 141, 149, 265, 269, 296; see also holistic coding differences

Hubel, D. 188 Hugenberg, K. et al. 109, 114, 212, 332-3

identification of faces 7-8, 95 identity verification 46, 53, 57, 59, 344-5;

see also eyewitness testimony; travel document screening

Implicit Association Test (IAT) 26 individuation: definition 22, 245-6;

experience 320-1; motivation 97, 320; neural correlates 15; in race perception 22, 29-31, 66, 92, 95, 99; training 29,

82; see also CategorizationIndividuation Model; other-race face training

infancy: eye contact 231, 247; face recognition 231; other-species face processing 82, 290-5; own-gender bias 231, 246-7

infancy: developing race categories 2, 62-6; computational basis 52, 63-6; development of other-race effect 75-8; face space and models 63-5, 92-3; perceptual narrowing 63, 75, 80-1, 291-2, 294-5; plasticity and other-race face recognition 84; visual learning 81-4; discussion 80-4; conclusion 85; see also Bayesian face recognition model

infancy: development of own-race biases 89-92; face processing 95-6; face space 92-3; perceptual narrowing 91; social preferences 97-8; visual categories 93-5

inferior frontal gyrus 13 inferior occipital cortex 14 inferior occipital gyrus 15 Inhelder, B. 186 Innocence Project 344 Ino, T. et al. 258 insula 8, 232 intention (theory of mind) 8 intraparietal sulcus 8 intrapersonal variation 52, 67-8, 68f, 69f,

81-4 inversion effects 150, 151-3, 166-7, 265,

267-8, 292-3, 296, 301 Itier, R. J. et al. 302 Ito, T. A. 23-4, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34-5

Jack, R. E. et al. 183-6, 184f, 189-90, 191f, 194, 197

Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE) 174f, 183, 196

Johnson, K. E. 109 Jolicoeur, P. et al. 108 Jones, S. S. 258 Jonsson, A. C. 217

Kaess, W. A. 260 Kanwisher, N. et al. 7 Kaufmann, J. M. 115

Kemp, R. et al. 214, 215 Kim, J. et al. 10t, 15 Klare, B. F. et al. 56-7 Kravitz, J. 5, 6 Kubota, J. T. 23-4, 30 Kuefner, D. et al. 267, 268f, 269 Kuhl, P. K. 51

lateral fusiform gyrus 6, 7 lateral occiptal area 16 lateral temporal area 15 Lawrence, K. et al. 258 Lebrecht, S. et al. 117 Lee, D. H. et al. 175 Leeb, R. T. 231 Leopold, D. A. et al. 300 Levin, D. T. 23, 51-2, 53, 109 Lewin, C. et al. 258 Lewis, M. A. 119-20 Lewkowicz, D. J. et al. 291, 294 Lieberman, M. D. et al. 9t, 12, 14 limbic system 8 Lindsay, D. S. et al. 213-14 Little, A. C. et al. 301, 305 Lovén, J. et al. 245, 258 Lowe, P. A. et al. 258 Lu, Y. et al. 258

Macchi Cassia, V. et al. 267-8 McGugin, R. W. et al. 113-14, 259, 332 McKelvie, S. J. 259 McKone, E. et al. 259 Maffei, L. 188 Malpass, R. S. 5, 6 Marcon, J. L. et al. 141, 214 Marsh, A. A. et al. 197 Martin-Malivel, J. 305 Mason, S. E. 259 Mather, M. et al. 259 Matsumoto, D. 195, 196 Max Planck Institute 130 MDS see Multidimensional (MDS) “Face

Space” model media prefrontal cortex (mPFC) 274 Megreya, A. M. et al. 152, 344, 345 Meissner, C. A. et al. 141 memory 28, 108, 110, 122, 295, 296;

episodic memory retrieval 8, 231-2, 243, 246; in eyewitness accounts 149, 212; recognition memory 212, 213; see also adaptation; Cambridge Face

Memory Test; other-race effect; own-age bias; own-gender bias

mental representations: of faces 265-6; facial expressions of emotion 186-8

mental state knowledge 8 Mervis, C. B. 109 Michel, C. et al. 155-9, 159f, 160, 161,

162 Miller, M. I. 189 Modern Racism Questionnaire 117 Moghaddam, B. et al. 50n, 52, 67, 74 Mograss, M. 258 Mondloch, C. J. et al. 156, 157, 159f, 161,

163, 164f, 269, 297 Monesson, A. 292, 293 monkey faces see other-species face

processing monkeys: face discrimination 300, 303-5,

307 Moon, H. 50 motivation 114, 183, 213, 320; see also

Categorization-Individuation Model Moulson, M. C. 298 Mozingo, R. 257 mPFC (media prefrontal cortex) 274 Multidimensional (MDS) “Face Space”

model 109-10, 111f, 265-6 multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) 13, 16

Nakabayashi, K. et al. 164f, 165 Nakayama, K. 257 Natu, V. et al. 10t, 13, 15, 16, 144 Nelson, C. A. 128-9, 141 neural perspectives: and own-age bias

274-8; sex differences 232 neural perspectives of ORE 2, 5-17, 34-6;

face-processing system 6-8; other-race face training 114-18, 116f; socioaffective processing 8, 9t, 11-15, 279, 331; visual processing differences 10t, 11, 15-17; conclusion 17

Ng, M. et al. 10t, 15, 16 nonhuman primates: face processing

302-8; chimpanzees 84, 305-7, 308; monkeys 300, 303-5, 307; psychological isolation hypothesis 303; conclusions 308-9

OAB see own-age bias object learning 82-3, 108-9, 110, 112,

occipital face area (OFA) 6-8, 13, 15, 16, 296

occipitotemporal P2 276, 278, 280 OGBs see own group biases Okada, K. 305 orbitofrontal cortex 14 ORE see other-race effect OSE (own-species effect) see own-species

face bias Osman, H. 344-5 other-race advantage 109 other-race contact 47, 99, 100; contact

hypothesis 49-50; developmental contact hypothesis 51-2; self-report measures 110, 213

other-race effect (ORE) 1, 343-4; contact hypothesis 49-50; race perception 34-6; see also computational perspectives; holistic coding differences; infancy: developing race categories; neural perspectives of ORE; shape and surface information in ORE; travel document screening

other-race face training 110-14, 111f, 112f, 113f; diagnostic information 119-20; and neural plasticity 114-18, 116f; novel race faces 120-2, 121f; race as perceptual construct 118-19; and racial attitudes 117-18; conclusions 122

other-species face processing: in adults 299-302; in cataract patients 297-8; in childhood 297-9; in infancy 82, 290-5; in nonhuman primates 84, 302-9; conclusions 308-9; see also ownspecies face bias

O’Toole, A. J. et al. 48-50, 53, 54, 54f, 58, 142, 144, 259, 272, 345

own-age bias (OAB) 3, 261-81, 335; asymmetry of bias 263; contributory facial characteristics 272-4, 273f; meta-analysis of data 263-4; neural correlates 274-8; and own-race bias 278-80; and perceptual expertise 265-9; and personal contact 267, 268f; sociocognitive account 269-72; conclusions 281

own-gender bias 3, 230-48; and age 245; causes 328-9; in children 246-8; face recognition tasks 231; female owngender bias 244-8; in infancy 231, 246-7; meta-analysis of studies 233-4,

257-60; method 233-6; results 240-2, 241f; limitations 241-2; discussion 242-3, 244-8; conclusion 248; see also sex differences in face recognition

own group biases (OGBs) 1-2, 3, 316-36, 342-3; causes 323-9; CIM model 318-36; individuation experience 320-1; individuation motivation 320; multiply determined 318-19; perceiver experience 321-2, 323-4, 324f; perceiver expertise 321-2; perceiver motivation 321-2, 324f, 325-6; person perception 319-21

own-race biases 2, 342; adults 91-2, 93; causes 325, 326-7; children 91-100; development 89-92; and own-age bias 278-80; see also infancy: development of own-race biases

own-sex bias see own-gender bias own-species effect (OSE) see own-species

face bias own-species face bias 3, 288-9; see also

other-species face processing Own vs Other effect 2

Palmer, M. et al. 259 Papesh, M. H. 330 parahippocampal gyrus 13, 14 parietal cortex 12 Parr, L. A. et al. 306, 307 Pascalis, O. et al. 292, 297, 300 PCA see principal components analysis Pentland, A. 50n, 52, 64 perceptual expertise 107-8, 122, 213, 345;

framework 108-10; laboratory training 110-14, 111f, 112f, 113f; and own-age bias 265-9; see also other-race face training; own group biases; travel document screening

perceptual narrowing: in infants 52, 63, 75, 80-1, 91, 291-2, 294-5; in non-human primates 304-5, 306

personal identity coding 8 personal trait knowledge 8 PET (positron emission tomography) 6 Petit, O. 300 Phelps, E. A. et al. 9t, 11-12, 14, 15 Phillips, P. J. et al. 50, 54-5, 55f, 56, 57;

see also Face Recognition Technology (FERET) program

Piaget, J. 186

Pictures of Facial Affect (POFA) 178 Pierce, L. J. 29, 31, 112, 115, 332 political affiliation 317 positron emission tomography (PET) 6 posterior cingulate area 8 posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS)

7, 8 precuneus 8 prejudice 25, 26-7, 99 principal components analysis (PCA) 48,

49, 53, 64, 65 prosopagnosia 6 psychological isolation hypothesis 303 psychophysiological interaction (PPI)

analysis 16

race categorization 53, 62-6, 75-8 race perception 2, 20-37, 118-19, 325;

automatic social categorization 21-4; evaluative bias 24, 25-6; generality of effects 31-2; and individuation 22, 29-31; other-race effect 34-6; stereotyping 25, 26-7, 28n, 29, 117; structural face encoding 33-4; and subsequent biased behaviours 24-31; unresolved issues 36-7; conclusions 37

racial attitudes 99, 117-18; see also stereotyping

racial physiognomy: in other-race face training 119-20; as perceptual construct 118-19

Ratcliff, N. et al. 323 Ratner, K. et al. 10t, 16-17 Ratner, K. G. 331 recognition memory 212, 213 Regan, S. 152 Rehnman, J. 245, 259, 278 Rejskind, F. G. 231 religious beliefs 317 reverse correlation 189 Rhodes, G. et al. 151, 152, 163, 164f, 165,

213 Rhodes, M. G. 263, 264 Richler, J. J. et al. 331 right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) 15, 16 right medial frontal cortex 16 Robbins, R. A. et al. 297-8 Robertson, N. 257 Rodin, M. J. 259 Rosch, E. et al. 109 Rossion, B. 269

Rozin, P. et al. 175 Russell, J. A. 181 Russell, R. 142

Scherf, K. S. et al. 299 Schwaninger, A. et al. 163 Schweinberger, S. R. 115 Scott, L. et al. 110, 112, 115 Scott, L. S. et al. 292, 293, 299, 302 security see eyewitness testimony;

surveillance cameras; travel document screening

self-reports: of other-race contact 110, 213; of racial attitudes 99

Senholzi, K. B. 34-5 sex differences in face recognition 230-44;

and age 236, 243, 244-8; emotion perception 231, 232; episodic memory retrieval 232, 243, 246; eye contact 231; meta-analysis of studies 233-4, 257-60; neural correlates 232; method 233-6; results 236-40, 237f, 238f, 238t, 239f, 239t, 240t, 241-2; limitations 241-2; discussion 241-4, 248; conclusion 248; see also own-gender bias

sexual orientation 317, 324-5 shape and surface information in ORE 2,

126-9; Exp. 1: shape and surface information 132f, 134-7, 136f, 136t, 140-1; Exp. 2: shape information 132f, 136f, 136t, 137-8, 141; Exp. 3: surface information 132f, 136f, 136t, 138-40, 141, 142-3; old/new face recognition 142-3; participants: Asian and Caucasian 129-30; procedure 132-4, 134t; racial group use of diagnostic cues 143-4; stimuli 130-1, 131f, 132f; general discussion 140-4

Shephard, J. W. 119 Shriver, E. R. et al. 335 Shweder, R. A. 194 Simion, F. et al. 291 Sinha, P. 142 Sladden, B. 260 Slone, A. E. et al. 245, 259 social categorization 213; automaticity

21-4; and bias 26-31 social cognition 8 social group membership 13-14, 16, 21,

23; children 98, 99; and own-age bias 270; see also stereotyping

social preferences: children 98, 99; infants 97-8

socioaffective processing 8, 9t, 11-15, 279, 331

socioemotional bias 11-12, 14 Sporer, S. L. et al. 214, 244 Stahl, J. et al. 35 stereotyping 25, 26-7, 28n, 29, 98-9, 117 striatum 8 structural face encoding 33-4 Sugisaki, Y. 259 Sugita, Y. 84, 303-4 superior temporal gyrus 12 superior temporal sulcus (STS) 296 surface information see shape and surface

information in ORE surveillance cameras 344 Susa, K. J. et al. 213, 344 Susskind, J. M. et al. 175, 194n

Tanaka, J. W. et al. 23, 29, 31, 34, 93, 109, 110, 112, 114, 115, 120-2, 121f, 153-5, 154f, 157, 332, 345

Taylor, M. 109 Temple, C. M. 259 temporal contiguity 82-3 temporal cortex 12 temporal parietal junction (TPJ) 8 Thakur, G. P. et al. 259 Thatcher Illusion 307 theory of mind 8 Tomelleri, S. 27, 28, 29 Tomkins, S.S. 182 Toseeb, U. et al. 259 transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 7 travel document screening 3, 211-27, 344;

Exp. 1: screener confidence/accuracy 218-20, 219t, 220f; Exp. 2: age difference 220-3, 222f, 222t; Exp. 3: disguises 223-6, 224f, 225t; imposters 212; cross-race effect (CRE) 212-15; general method 215-16; participants 216-17; procedure 217; stimuli 215-16, 216f; data anlaysis 217-18; general discussion 226-7

Turk, M. 64 Turnbull, J. 176

uniqueness of individuals 5 Urland, G. R. 29n US Government 53, 56

Valentine, T. 64, 109, 151-2, 343-4 Van Bavel, J. J. et al. 9t, 13-14, 317, 322,

323, 327-8, 331 van Wingen, G. et al. 259 ventral-temporal areas 16 ventral visual stream 7, 8 Vetter, T. 130 visual learning 81-4, 186-7, 295 Visual Paired Comparison (VPC) tasks 52,

72, 73f, 75, 292, 294, 304 visual processing differences 10t, 11,

15-17 von Helmholtz, H. 186-7, 199

Walker, P. M. 93 Wallis, G. 83 Wallis, J. et al. 259, 279 Wang, B. 260 Weirich, S. et al. 260

Whittler, T. W. 257 Wiese, H. et al. 35, 266, 269, 273, 274,

275, 279 Wiesel, T. N. 188 Willadsen-Jensen, E. C. 24, 25, 26 Willenbockel, V. et al. 129 Wilson, J. P. et al. 344, 345 Witryol, S. L. 260 Wolff, N. et al. 260, 271 Wright, C. I. et al. 274, 279 Wright, D. B. 260

Yin, R. K. 149, 151 Yonker, J. E. 258 Yoshikubo, S. 303 Young, A. W. et al. 158 Young, S. G. 332-3

Zangenehpour, A. et al. 304-5