Quantitative Comparative Studies: Equivalence, Translation, and Measurement Invariance

There are three options for researchers when they face the need to use cross-culturally valid assessment instruments. They may adopt an existing instrument; they may decide to adapt an existing instrument; or they may develop their own multilingual questionnaire or test (Harkness, van de Vijver, & Johnson, 2003; Tran, 2009). Their choice should be determined by their research goals and the availability of the required instruments.