ABSTRACT
This chapter outlines the main features of Foucault's concept of 'governmentality', a term that he introduced only in lectures and never in a finalised text. It focuses on the two conceptual developments that have used Foucault's governmentality as a point of departure. The chapter considers the development of the concept of 'mediating instruments' to suggest that all sorts of social scientific techniques – including accounting – do not simply reflect some underlying, already existing reality but serve to create objects to be understood and, so, managed. It also considers the related notion of 'management at a distance'; that mediating instruments allow the government of a diverse range of individuals. The will to govern does not necessarily precede or cause the development of a particular accounting technique. That calculation does not necessarily – or, indeed, rarely – answer the functional requirements of institutional objectives is well established in organisation studies.
