ABSTRACT
Scientists demonstrated differences in childrearing approaches and customs among different nationalities and social groups. An investigation that compared Australian mothers of both Australian and Lebanese descent revealed that national origin shaped mother's expectations of children's developmental milestones and shaped the mother's teaching behaviors more than gender, birth order, or socioeconomic class did. However, specific communities in specific socioeconomic classes have been shown to parent in particular ways as well. It has been studied, theorized, and shown that low-income residents of urban communities tend to be exposed to high levels of interpersonal violence, including child abuse, and tend to suffer high levels of psychological and physical illness. The type of childrearing in use during that time has been termed 'Schwartze Pedagogic', also referred to as 'poisonous pedagogy'. It is based on the notion that children need to be subjugated through strict and violent treatment from infancy so as to restrain their naturally malevolent wills.
