ABSTRACT

This chapter considers the difficulties that A. Irving Hallowell found with cultural evolution and its implications for the further cultural evolution of human intellect and personality. It aims to indicate some of the lines of that further behavioral evolution from which Hallowell appears to have recoiled. Although the foundations existed from which one could have extended the study of behavioral evolution along its cultural dimension, a number of objections to the idea of cultural evolution itself led Hallowell to reject the enterprise. For the human species, culture must be added to the structures and capacities defining the behavioral environment. Hallowell derived ego and superego as the personality structures both required and engendered by the evolutionary emergence of society and culture, rather than from specifically Freudian, psychodynamic processes. Literature, more than behavioral science concerns itself with exploring the consequences of manifold consciousness.