ABSTRACT
In the brief review of the planning, attention, simultaneous, and successive processing (PASS) theory, the basic division of Input, Processing, and Output proposed in 1975 has been retained. People receive information that is, input, from external sources through their senses and internal organs. When that sensory information is sent to the brain for analysis, central processes become active. The final component of the PASS model is Output, or action and behavior. Simply by changing the output demand, a change in performance may become evident. For instance, individuals who may be able to recognize but not recall items from memory can often recall them with a little prompting. In many cases, recognition improves retrieval where recall has failed. Therefore, how measure output becomes important in measuring performance as an indicator of “intelligence”. Planning processes are required when an individual makes decisions such as how to solve a problem, carry out an activity, or compose a narrative.
