ABSTRACT
There is seemingly no end to either analysis or speculation about the nature, scope, mechanisms and outcomes of knowledge transfer or exchange between universities and industry. As we would expect, the enquiry has now stretched to emerging economies. China invests more in R&D than most countries other than the USA and is fast ramping up its universities. In characteristic style, India appoints various knowledge and innovation commissions to ponder what is possible. Brazil’s rapid economic advance is beginning to be matched with growing interest in international collaboration and knowledge cities and zones that stretch from Dubai to Kazakhstan. There is a flurry of highly sophisticated activities in the much smaller countries of Eastern and Central Europe, such as Estonia, to develop technology-based initiatives that change the way young people learn to think and do.
