ABSTRACT
Several aspects of spatial reference memory are reviewed in this chap ter. The first is the importance of the stability of environmental cues in reference memory for the performance of working memory tasks. The second is a comparison of reference memory and working memory in situations where both are required for an efficient search for reward. The third m ajor section of this chapter concerns the discrimination of spatial locations, proceeding from the more specific to the more general. The final section concerns memory functions in hoarding and cache recovery by food-storing birds, an adaptive specialization that calls into question the traditional distinction between working and reference memories.
