ABSTRACT
This chapter demonstrates the instruments of apartheid rule, their rigid construction and their spatial legacy set the stage for apartheid era transgressions and postapartheid transformations that subvert the notion of an officially segregated society. Like economic development, transport has significance within the concept of an integrated society. Economic opportunity in the townships was paltry at best. It is noteworthy that many of the varied spatial transgressions undertaken by blacks, be it out of economic survival or political protest, became opportunities to transform negative apartheid constraints into opportunities for positive deviance. The international economic boycott stung bank accounts and stunted business potential, while international moral condemnation of apartheid shamed the proud Afrikaners and others who supported the goals of apartheid. Aided in part by the end of apartheid, residential restrictions like the Group Areas Act and new economic opportunities fostered by programs like Black Economic Empowerment, their numbers have been rapidly growing.
