ABSTRACT
Education was established as an academic discipline in the Faculty of Arts of German universities. By 1800, Bildung had become an anti-western educational concept, specifically opposed to the French or American concept of democracy and self-determination. In the nineteenth century, four important movements evolved: the labor movement, neo-Pietist Inner Mission, women's movement, and socio-political movement. These four movements together would make up the new German Movement, the driving force that would bring forth new human being by means of education. The vision of the new human being would materialize by means of an education oriented towards "the ideal of Bildung". Herman Nohl's theory of the pedagogical relation had widespread appeal, given the need for an effective educational model that could be put into practice. The combination of Bildung with Geist was attractive to nationalist thinking, because the concept of Geist could be tied back to the concepts of the German personality.
