ABSTRACT
Robelen (2012) indicated that only 16% of American high school seniors are proficient in mathematics and interested in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers. Even among those who do pursue a college major in the STEM fields, only about half go on to work in a STEM-related career (Robelen, 2012). The United States is falling behind, internationally ranking 25th in mathematics and 17th in science among industrialized nations (Robelen, 2012). Today’s approaches to education and training must change if our nation is to be competitive in the dynamic global workforce. Numerous studies have shown that an effective way to teach students is through one-on-one interactions between teachers and students (Bloom, 1984; Kulik & Fletcher, 2015, VanLehn, 2011). One way to achieve one-on-one instruction is through the use of advanced technologies such as intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) and simulations.
