ABSTRACT
The mean distance covered by male elite outfield players during a soccer match has been estimated to be about 11 km for a 90-min game. This value does not represent the total energy demand on players during a match since, in addition to walking and running, the players perform many other energy demanding activities (e.g., acceleration, change of direction, deceleration, jumping, static muscle contraction and getting up from the ground). The energy cost during a match may be better expressed by measurements performed during or immediately after the match such as heart rate, rectal temperature, muscle glycogen use and fluid loss. Based on these determinations the energy contribution from aerobic sources can be estimated to be about 70% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) for elite players (Bangsbo, 1994). Exercising at such an average exercise intensity for 90 min puts an emphasis on the ability to perform prolonged intermittent exercise (endurance). In addition, a player should be able to exercise repeatedly at a high intensity, to sprint and to develop a high power output (force) in single match situations such as kicking, jumping and tackling (Figure 1). The basis for performance within these categories are the characteristics of the cardiovascular system and of the muscles, combined with the interplay of the nervous system. These characteristics are to some extent determined by genetic factors but can also be developed by training. Physiological factors within a holistic model of soccer performance. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315823775/d05cbeff-d337-42d6-a160-b5b76f0840f9/content/fig8_1_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
