ABSTRACT

19. To draw the conclusion that the income distributions should be changed, one has to assume that Engel curves are non-linear, but this seems not to need specifying. Consumption of such luxuries is zero over a considerable income range.20. See I.L.O. [1970] for a discussion of the compatibility of a high concentration of income with full employment. Unfortunately most theoretical texts concentrate on the relation between income distribution, savings and growth, ignoring the more important effects via the composition of.consumption.21. Though, of course, these imply inequalities of other types, even if only of social prestige.22. I have dealt with these issues elsewhere [Seers, 1971].23. See Seers [1971] and Jolly and Seers [1970].24. Although this problem takes the form of finding the right expenditure weights for a price deflator, what we are actually doing is obtaining price weights for quantity comparisons, and this is extremely hard when price structures vary so much (see above). Analogous difficulties arise whenever comparisons are made between regions of a country (due to geographical variations in prices and consumption patterns) but much less severely. REFERENCESBardhan, Pranab K., 1970, ‘On the Minimum Level of Living and the Rural Poor’, Indian Economic Review, Vol. 5, April.Clark, Colin, 1937, National Income and Outlay, London: Macmillan.Divatia, V. V., and Bhatt, V. V., 1969, ‘On Measuring the Pace of Development’, Quarterly Review, Banco Nazionale del Lavoro, No. 89, June.Fonseca, A. J., 1970, ‘The need-based Wage in India: A Computerized Estimate’, reprinted from Wage Policy and Wage Distribution in India, Bombay: University of Bombay.I.L.O., 1970, Towards Full Employment, Geneva: International Labour Office.Jaffe, A. J., 1969, ‘Notes on Family Income Distribution in Developing Countries in Relation to Population and Economic Changes’; paper given at meeting of Inter­national Association for Research in Income and Wealth, August; to be published in Estadistica, Inter-American Statistical Institute, No. 104.Jolly, Richard, 1969, Planning Education for African Development, Nariobi: East Africa Publishing House.Jolly, Richard, and Seers, Dudley, 1970, ‘The Brain Drain and the Development Process’, proceedings of the Internationa] Economic Association Conference to be published in E. A. G. Robinson (ed.), The Gap Between the Rich and the Poor Countries, London: Macmillan.Kuznets, Simon, 1966, Modern Economic Growth, Studies in Comparative Economics No. 7, New Haven: Yale University Press.Kuznets, Simon, 1971, Economic Growth o f Nations: Total Output and Production Structure, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap.Lydall, Harold, 1968, The Structure o f Earnings, Oxford: Clarendon Press.Minhas, B.S., 1970, ‘Rural Poverty, Land Redistribution and Development’, Indian Economic Review, Vol. 5, April.Mishan, E. J., 1967, The Costs o f Economic Growth, London: Staples Press.Patel, Surrendra, 1964, ‘The Economic Distance Between Nations’, Economic Journal, Vol. 74, March.Rowntree, B. Seebohm, 1901, Poverty: A Study o f Town Life, London: Macmillan. Sametz, A. W., 1968, ‘Production of Goods and Services: The Measurement of Economic Growth’ in E. Sheldon and W. B. Moore (eds.), Indicators o f Social Change: Concepts and Measurements, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Scrimshaw, N. S., and Gordon, J. E. (ed.), 1968, Malnutrition, Learning and Behaviour, Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press.Seers, Dudley, 1971, ‘The Transmission of Inequality’ in Robert K. A. Gardiner (ed.), Africa and the World, London: Oxford University Press.Stewart, Frances, and Streeten, Paul, 1971, ‘Conflicts between Output and Employment Objectives’ in Ronald Robinson and Peter Johnston (eds.), Prospects for Employment

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