P

Traditionally, women's unemployment merited little attention, as men were expected to provide for their household. As women's labour-market participation increases, however, they are more likely to register as unemployed if they are made redundant. The UN was first influenced by Women in Development (WID) strategies which aimed to incorporate women into development processes by making their roles more visible. Some feminist academics have suggested that WID has exaggerated the numbers of women in certain vulnerable categories and has made other women invisible. Utopian communities aim to transform spatial structures as well as social relations, and feminist studies have considered how utopian socialist communities as well as more recent radical and counter-cultural examples have addressed issues of gender, sexuality and domestic arrangements in the creation of new environments. Feminist critics have challenged existing histories of literary utopias by uncovering a neglected tradition written from the perspective of women's desires.