ABSTRACT
The army continued to be the principal object of attention; organization was improved, conscription was extended and new weapons were introduced, including the Mauser rifle for the infantry and artillery from Krupps. Particular care was given to the education and training of army officers with the aid of a German military mission. In addition, to relieve the regular army of some of the burdens of constabulary duties, the gendarmerie was expanded and new irregular cavalry formations, known as Hamidiyya, were created. In the interests of economy, naval development was held back. The administrative system was also elaborated through the development of municipal government, and was further centralized under the control of the Ministry of the Interior. Education and training were of especial concern; the Civil Service College, the Miilkiye, was reorganized and new schools for legal and financial specialists were opened.
