ABSTRACT
During the interwar period, engineers, who continued applying various shades of scientific management, still dominated the consulting field. They expanded significantly both in the United States and particularly in Europe. While cooperative efforts were increasing at national and international levels with Germany a particularly noteworthy example, the consulting field overall became more commercially oriented. Like in other European countries, there had been considerable interest in scientific management in Germany already before World War I even if its application was often met with resistance. The interwar period saw a significant expansion of scientific management nationally and internationally based on what one scholar referred to as 'the scientizing' and utopian impulses at its core. It no longer focused on work processes, but developed a more general 'ethos of organizational efficiency through expert research and functional prescription', with its application moving beyond the industrial enterprise to other sectors of the economy as well as to education and public administration.
