ABSTRACT
Students in the United States are struggling in mathematics. According to the National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP), in 2011 only 34 percent of U.S. eighth-grade students, and 40 percent of fourth-grade students, scored at or above the proficient level in mathematics (U.S. Department of Education, 2011). Although the No Child Left Behind Act states that no child would be left behind, clearly many children have been left behind in mathematics.
