ABSTRACT
Are schools institutions of teaching or institutions of learning? As Senge (1990) states in The Fifth Discipline, schools need to be learning institutions. School administrators and colleges of education have long believed that improving teaching will inevitably lead to the improvement of learning. So the measurement has been directed to improving the input of teaching, not the output of student achievement. But as the data show, simply focusing on improving instruction does not, by itself, improve learning. There are too many variables.
