ABSTRACT
Throughout recorded human history ‘the making of men has carried the explicit and implicit message that men faced outwards to the world and confronted its problems, while women faced inward to the home and its demands’. 2 It is for this reason, for example, that the recently published Sport, Europe, Gender: Making European Masculinities has as a strong, continuous thread woven into the fabric of its chapters, descriptions of male moral, physical and mental fitness as a cultural mandate ‘for confrontation with enemies, temptations and circumstances’. 3
