ABSTRACT
Thedoctrinethatthevisible,materialworldwascreatedbyanevil powerischaracteristicofManichaeism,onwhichseeS.N.C.Lieu, ManichaeisminthelaterRomanempireandmedievalChina(Manchester,1985);P.R.L.Brown,'ThediffusionofManichaeisminthe Romanempire',inhisReligionandsocietyintheageofSt.Augustine (London,1972),pp.94-118.Butsuchdualistideasarealsofoundin laterheresies,notablyBogomilism,whichhadsprungupintheBalkan provincesoftheByzantineempireinthelOthcenturyandwhose preciselinkswithManichaeismareobscureandcontroversial:Dmitri Obolensky,TheBogomils.AstudyinBalkanneo-Manichaeism(Cambridge,1948);M.D.Lambert,Medievalheresy(London,1977),pp. 12ff.ThatthehierarchyoftheLatinWestinthelate12thand13th centuries,confrontedasitwasbythealarminggrowthoftheCathar heresy(itselfapparentlyaWesternoffshootofBogomilism),wasonly toopronetoidentifyanydualistdoctrineofthissortasManichaeismis demonstratedinSirStevenRunciman,ThemedievalManichee(Cambridge,1947),especiallych.6,andinR.I.Moore,Theoriginsof Europeandissen~(Oxford,1985),chs.7-8passim.
