ABSTRACT
The term "post-modern" is used in many ways, in the arts, philosophy, and the social sciences, to name but a few. In philosophy, post-modernism refers to a school of thought that developed in reaction to rationalism and scientific objectivity. The evolution of the modern state followed several trajectories. One was the expansion of the government's involvement in all areas of social affairs. The increasing complexity of communications, transportation, industry, and commerce strained the abilities of most states to manage effectively their affairs solely relying on their own resources. Since the time of its founding in sixth century Arabia, there has been an enduring controversy in the world of Islam over the nature of the political universe. Contributing to the rapid spread of Islam, in addition to the enthusiasm of the Arabs, was the attractiveness of the new religion to converts. An important milestone in the success of Islam at Christian expense was the fall of Constantinople, now Istanbul, in 1453.
