ABSTRACT
This chapter explores the shift in religious and spiritual mentalities which began in the second century AD and continued throughout antiquity, particularly among the educated elite. It examines the practice of theurgy – first by distinguishing it from other common magical practices. Then, the chapter considers several ancient authors, particularly Iamblichus and Porphyry and their notions of theurgy and divination. It then analyzes the beliefs of the Neoplatonists, culminating in the form of the Chaldean Oracles. Finally, the chapter examines the soteriological aspects of Christianity which were also prevalent during this time. This examination will highlight the new religious and philosophical climate which was prevalent in the third and fourth centuries AD. This is exemplified by the Neoplatonic philosophers and their teachings – a new way of thinking that diminished the need for oracular consultation at Delphi. The central problem involved the nature of God and this is evident in both Chaldean cosmology and oracular consultation in Asia Minor.
