ABSTRACT
In 1999, the government implemented a two-pillar system in which current social security institutions (the first pillar) were maintained after overhauls to their structures, along with private pension schemes which provided support (the second pillar). A series of administrative reforms, including increasing the retirement age, have been implemented to rein in the deficit in the social security system. In 2006, the General Health Insurance (GHI) system was introduced. Also, a new institutional structure was established to integrate current social security institutions under a single roof. On the other hand, there are two main reforms in the education system. In 1997, compulsory schooling was increased from 5 to 8 years, and then from 8 to 12 by the 2012 reform with the highly contested “4+4+4” law.
