ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on the European Marches, and the transnational mobilizations at the EU summits in Amsterdam, Cologne and Nice at which they culminated. The European Marches also filled the real mobilization gap left by the prevalence of virtual representation of the unemployed and other excluded groups at the EU level which also privileged the lobbying tactic. The Danish Red-Green Alliance called for new European councils to replace the capitalist EU. The successful movement of the unemployed in France gave its leaders the legitimacy to play a decisive role in the European Marches. The process of organizing for the events in Cologne began more than a year with national meetings of activists in Germany. The Spanish union CGT argued that it was the pan-European assemblies that had ensured the success of the mobilizations in Amsterdam and Cologne and on this basis criticized the absence of such an event to launch the Nice campaign.
