ABSTRACT
This chapter demonstrates how significant efforts have been made by international organisations, national governments, industry regulators and operators, and other national and international bodies to address the threats posed by changes in the structure and availability of gambling. It details the limitations of preventative and prosecutory mechanisms and draws attention to the pressing need to limit the availability and effects of black market gambling. Intergovernmental organisation the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering considers all types of gambling to be at risk of being misused for money laundering or terrorist financing. A small number of states have implemented their own money laundering regulations that are specific to the online environment. Ethical codes of conduct govern most sports and a number make explicit reference to betting. The early warning systems have, however, come under fierce criticism for their inability to identify incidences of suspicious betting activity. Online gambling poses a number of observable risks to the consumer.
