ABSTRACT
Across Europe, reformation in the eighteenth century spurred the emergence of two models of funerary design, in the form of monumental burial grounds that were largely architectural, and garden cemeteries within which the landscape was a dominant element. In fact, culturally, the reformation of burial practices followed from forces that sprang from the Enlightenment, such as a growing interest in hygiene and debates that were wound around the value of antiquity, the dignity of man, secularisation, anticlericalism and egalitarianism. In fact, within northern Italy, the reforms initiated by the Austrians and affiliated local rulers such as the Duke of Modena were as important, if not more important, than the egalitarian and anticlerical influences that stemmed from France. In France and Italy of the late 1700s, a considerable number of new cemetery projects emerged within the academies as the ideological interests behind burial reform were invested in a new architectural type.
