ABSTRACT
Legal and regulatory systems have developed over the past two centuries to manage the effects of human activity on the natural environment. Noise is a perennial issue for the aviation industry. Air Traffic Management (ATM) systems are rapidly evolving to meet the increased efficiency, safety, security, environmental and business demands of future aviation. The central focus for airport operators with respect to environmental management is the reduction of carbon emissions. Another motivating factor is the growing movement in the corporate worlds towards corporate social responsibility (CSR). International environmental law has a history extending back to the late nineteenth century in international arbitral tribunals, and later in the International Court of Justice. Constant Descent Approach (CDA) represents the major proposed change to the operational procedures of aircraft and how they operate in the final phases of flight. Thus, the aircraft remains higher for longer, and conventional approach eliminates the need for fluctuations in engine power until the time of landing.
