ABSTRACT
Representation is at the center of contemporary conceptions of democratic theory and popular government in that they are generally described as representative government. The strength of direct democracy resides in the ability of all citizens to directly participate in the making of rules that will govern their behavior. This is Jean-Jacques Rousseau's dream in his Social Contract. Rural legislators in control of reapportionment, refused to redraw district lines. To address partisan gerrymandering has been the object of three Supreme Court decisions that have done no more than muddle the issues. American political and democratic theory is heavily influenced and defined by Liberalism and liberal tradition. Critics of the First Amendment turn to adjudicating partisan gerrymandering assailed Justice Kennedy's appeal to the patronage and party cases as support for the proposition that political preferences. Proportional representation alone freezes voting preferences. By that, it assumes that people of color or partisans vote only on the basis of race or party preference.
