ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the changing borderness for the external borders of the European Union. It focuses on the production of borders as a composite construct of interlinking and overlaying scales and associated meanings and perceptions that is their multi-layered nature. National policies matter for the design, implementation and, ultimately, effectiveness of borders as 'dividing lines', however local the perspective. The legacies and associated antagonisms and distrust have been internationalised and thus raised to a level beyond that of immediate bilateral relations across the more separating border. Trans-border cooperation may be driven by pragmatic necessities to tackle shared difficulties. EU-sponsored policies within the Baltic Sea Region place considerable importance on cross-border cooperation between sub-state actors as a means of counteracting confrontation and tensions by fostering greater engagement with Russia. A review of cross-border projects on Estonian-Russian border so far revealed that one of the main obstacles is a lack of funds to match any EU grants, especially within the Euro-region projects.
