ABSTRACT
Around the world the largest city-building effort in human history is underway. Many older civil works in the cities of Europe, North America and Japan are being replaced and retrotted, and new construction is taking place in fastgrowing cities. East and South Asia is now the world’s fastest-growing region; Asia Pacic alone is approaching $5.4 trillion in annual infrastructure spending.1 Cities of Sub-Saharan Africa are also ramping up growth as the region’s urban population is expected to surpass East and South Asia’s by mid-century. Cities and their agencies are expected to spend at least $100 trillion on infrastructure and urban service delivery by 2050.
