ABSTRACT
In the aftermath of the Cold War there have been many calls for adopting a new conception of security and for extending the traditional concept. Thus, the United Nations Development Program advocated in 1994 a transition ‘from nuclear security to human security’, or to ‘the basic concept of human security’, defined as safety from ‘such chronic threats as hunger, disease and repression’, and ‘protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions’. The International Commission on Global Governance recommended in 1995 that ‘Global security must be broadened from its traditional focus on the security of states to the security of people and the planet.’ Clinton administration officials repeatedly referred to extended or ‘human’ security, including to ‘a new understanding of the meaning and nature of national security and of the role of individuals and nation-states’.1
