ABSTRACT
Subnational energy policy tools in the United States have facilitated a reshaping of resource consumption and socioeconomic growth through strategies that advance innovative technologies, support broad economic development goals, and protect fragile natural environments. Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Australia show that subnational options exist in developed countries across the world. While Canada, Australia, and Germany are federalist nations, albeit with their own unique institutions and traditions, the United Kingdom has a centralized Parliament in London but has devolved several relevant authorities to the “home nation” of Scotland through the Holyrood Parliament in Edinburgh. Within the international context, these countries provide additional perspective on polycentric approaches to the politics and economics of energy policy tools. This section will incorporate comparative federalist analysis to understand the opportunities and challenges in adoption and implementation around the world.
