ABSTRACT
This chapter examines the means of education, which are religion, instruction, discipline, and physical culture. Education tends more and more to become a social problem in the nineteenth century. An effort more and more marked to organize education in accordance with the data of psychology and on a scientific basis, and to co-ordinate pedagogical methods in accordance with a rational plan. The Councils-General were summoned in 1801 to give their advice on the organization of studies. The chapter presents an interesting history to relate in detail the progress of popular education in France from the law of 1833 to our day. Notwith standing the efforts of the Revolution, public instruction in France, during the first part of the nineteenth century, was far from being flourishing. Fourcroy, a celebrated chemist, was director general of public instruction in 1801. He prepared, in the following years, the decrees relative to the establishment of the university and the Law of 1802.
