ABSTRACT

Vroom’s expectancy theory Vroom88 argued that when individuals are faced with a number of possible actions, they will make their choice after considering three factors: 1. expectancy – the individual’s estimate of how likely it is that he or she will be able to complete the action

successfully 2. instrumentality – the individual’s estimate of whether or not performing the action would lead to an

identifiable outcome 3. valence – the extent to which the individual values the outcome identified in 2.