ABSTRACT
Paul Zucker (1959) considered squares to be made up of three space-defining elements: the surrounding structures, the floor and the sky. Perhaps the most important variable in giving a square its character is the way it relates to its surrounding buildings and, particularly, the way in which it is framed, or not, by them. Indeed, the surrounding buildings should always be seen as part of a square and the nature of their ground floors adds much to a square’s character.
