ABSTRACT
XJUIEFUBJMFEGPSNVMBT UIPVHIUOFDFTTBSZXIFOFODPVOUFSJOH UIFHPETBOEEFNPOT POUIFPUIFSTJEF 'BVMLOFS"OESFXT 'BVMLOFS (PFMFU "OESFXT "TICZ Ň
"TCSJFGMZEJTDVTTFEJO$IBQUFS UIFBODJFOU&HZQUJBOTCFMJFWFEUIBUUIFCPEZ TPVM BOE QFSTPOBMJUZ ba BOE TQJSJU ka PG UIF QFSTPOXFSFNZTUJDBMMZ JOUFSDPO OFDUFE5IFZCFMJFWFEUIBUXIFOUIFbaBOEkaDPNFUPHFUIFSJOUIFBGUFSMJGFJUXPVME SFBOJNBUFUIFakh BTPSUPGMJWJOHDPOTDJPVTOFTT DBVTJOHUIFEFBEQFSTPOUPCFDPNF BMJWJOHakh
*OUIF0ME,JOHEPNJUXBTCFMJFWFEUIBUPOMZUIF1IBSBPI XIPXBTUIPVHIUUP CFUIFFBSUIMZFNCPEJNFOUPGUIFHPE)PSVT DPVMEBDIJFWFSFBOJNBUJPO*OUIF/FX ,JOHEPN JUXBTPQFO UP BMM)FBWFOXBT BLJOEPG TQJSJUVBM DPVOUFSQBSU UP UIF/JMF 3JWFS%FMUB .BDLFO[JF 4DIVNBOO"OUFMNF3PTTJOJ #FGPSFSFBDIJOH UIJTIFBWFO DBMMFEUIFParadise of Aalu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ŇHPET
"TUIFTPVMDPOUJOVFEPOJUTXBZ JUXBTCFMJFWFEUIBUJUXPVMEFODPVOUFSHSFBUEBO HFSTBOEFOEVSFBSEVPVTUSJBMT JODMVEJOHUFSSJGZJOHDMBTIFTXJUIFWJMTQJSJUTBOEGJFSDF EFNPOT XIPXPVMEUSZUPJNQFEFJUTQBTTBHF UIFSFCZDBVTJOHUIFTPVMUPFYQFSJFODF BTFDPOEBOEGJOBMEFBUI .BDLFO[JF 5IFBODJFOU&HZQUJBOTUIPVHIUUIBUJGUIF TPVMTVSWJWFE JUNJHIUDPOUFOEXJUIUIFNPTUGPSNJEBCMFFOFNZZFU Seth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urnface, a GFSSZNBOXIPBMXBZTMPPLFEBXBZGSPNUIFTPVMPGUIFEFDFBTFE XPVMEUBLFUIFTPVM UPUIFPUIFSTJEF
"DDPSEJOH UP BODJFOU USBEJUJPOT PO UIF PUIFS TJEF MBZ UIF LJOHEPN PG UIF HPE Osiris‡HPEPGUIFEFBEBOEKVEHFPGBMM .BDLFO[JF "TUIFTPVMQSPDFFEFEGSPN UIFCBOLPGUIFSJWFS JUXBTCFMJFWFEUPDPNFVQPOUIFHSFBU)BMMPG+VTUJDF BGFBSTPNF QMBDFUIFTPVMOFFEFEUPQBTTUISPVHICFGPSFJUDPVMEBQQSPBDIUIF1BSBEJTFPG"BMV/P
POFXBTBMMPXFEUPFOUFSUIFIBMMXJUIPVUQFSNJTTJPO5PHBJOFOUSBODF JUXBTCFMJFWFE UIBUUIFTPVMOFFEFEUPQBZIPNBHFUPUIFHPEBOESFDJUFBSJUVBMDPOGFTTJPOJOXIJDIJU QSPDMBJNFEJUTJOOPDFODFGSPNBMJUBOZPGQPTTJCMFPGGFOTFT TFF'JHVSF 5IFNBT TJWFHBUFTXPVMETXJOHPQFO5IFKBDLBMIFBEFEHPE"OVCJTUIFOFTDPSUFEUIFTPVMJOUP UIFHSFBUIBMMBOECFGPSFUIFUISPOFPG0TJSJT XIPTBUXJUIBSNTDSPTTFE BDSPPLJOPOF IBOEBOEBGMBJMJOUIFPUIFS
#FGPSF0TJSJTTUPPEUIFscales of justice XIFSFUIFQFSTPOTIFBSUXPVMECFXFJHIFE BTUIFHPETThoth, Horus BOEMaat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
TIBETAN BUDDHIST TEACHINGS
5IF Bardo Thodol Chenmo NJTOBNFE UIF Tibetan Book of the Dead CZ 8Ň:Ň&WBOT8FOU[ BO"NFSJDBOTDIPMBS JTQFSIBQTUIFCFTULOPXOCPPLPOXIBU IBQQFOT BGUFS EFBUI XSJUUFO GSPN B 5JCFUBO#VEEIJTU QFSTQFDUJWF (PTT,MBTT "T (PTT BOE ,MBTT TVHHFTU UIF UFSN bardo MJUFSBMMZ NFBOT iJO CFUXFFOu *OUIFDPOUFYUPGUIFFYQFSJFODFPGEFBUI JUSFGFSTUPUIFUSBOTJUJPOBMDPOEJUJPOUIBU
I have done no evil against another
I have not caused my kinsfolk to be put to death
I have not caused witnesses to speak falsely in the Hall of Justice
I have not done that which is hated by the gods
I am not a worker of wickedness
I have never oppressed a servant with too much work
I have not caused others to hunger or weep
I have not been without good works, nor have I acted weakly or with meanness
I am not a murderer
I have not conspired to have another put to death
I have not plotted to make another grieve
I have not stolen temple offering
I have not stinted the food offered to the gods
I have not despoiled the dead
I have not committed adultery
I have not failed to keep myself pure as a priest
I have not lessened the corn measure
I have not shortened the hand measure
I have not tampered with the balance
I have not deprived children of milk
I have not stolen cattle from the meadows
I have not snared the birds consecrated to the gods
I have not taken fish from holy lakes
I have not prevented Nile water from running in channels
I have turned aside the water
I have not stolen water from a channel
I have not put out the fire when it should burn
I have never kept from the nine gods what was their due
I have not prevented the temple cattle from grazing on my land
I have not obstructed a god’s image when it came forth in a procession
FYJTUTCFUXFFOUIJTMJGFBOEUIFPOFUPDPNF5IFEBZQFSJPEBGUFSEFBUIJTUIPVHIU DSVDJBM UP 5JCFUBO #VEEIJTUT GPS JU JT EVSJOH UIJT UJNF UIBU UIFZ CFMJFWF UIF TVC UMFNJOE PSDPOTDJPVTOFTT PGUIFEFBEFYQFSJFODFTBTFSJFTPGFWFOUTJOUIFCBSEP CFGPSFBDIJFWJOH JUTOFXCJSUI PS SFJODBSOBUJPO &WBOT8FOU[ 'FSNBOUMFŇ 5SVOHQB
5IFBardo Thodol Chenmo JTBNBOVBMGPSUIFEZJOHBOEUIFEFBE*UIBTUISFF NBKPSQBSUTPOFSFMBUJOHUPUIFNPNFOUPGEFBUIBOPUIFSUIBUEFTDSJCFTFYQFSJFODFTJO UIFJOUFSNFEJBUFTUBUFCFUXFFOEFBUIBOEBOFXCJSUIBOEBUIJSEQBSU XIJDIBEESFTTFT DJSDVNTUBODFT TVSSPVOEJOH UIF NJOE VOEFSHPJOH OFX CJSUI &WBOT8FOU[ 'FSNBOUMF5SVOHQB $POUBJOJOHBEFTDSJQUJPOPGBQQFBSBODFTUIFQFSTPODBO FYQFDUJOUIFCBSEP UIFCPPLDPOUBJOTJOTUSVDUJPOTUIBUBSFUPCFSFBEUPUIFEZJOH5IF HPBMJTUPIFMQUIFQFSTPONBLFUIFUSBOTJUJPOGSPNUIJTMJGFUPUIFOFYU
*OBSFDFOUCPPLPOEFBUIBOEEZJOH )JT)PMJOFTTUIF%BMBJ-BNB UIFTQJSJUVBMPG 5JCFUBO#VEEIJTUT TVHHFTUTUIBUUIFEZJOHQSPDFTTIBTFJHIUQIBTFT5IFGJSTUGPVSSFMBUF UPUIFEJTTPMVUJPOPGfour basic elementsFBSUI CPEZ XBUFS JUTGMVJET GJSF IFBU BOE XJOE FOFSHZ PSNPWFNFOU (ZBUTP "T UIF QSPDFTT VOGPMET UIF CPEZ JT OP MPOHFSBCMFUPGVODUJPOBTUIFGPVOEBUJPOGPSDPOTDJPVTOFTT/PSNBMGFFMJOHTPGQMFBTVSF BOEQBJOTVCTJEFBTGMVJETOPMPOHFSDPVSTFUISPVHIUIFCPEZ"TUIFXBSNUIPGUIFCPEZ EJNJOJTIFT BUUFOUJPOUPGBNJMZBOEGSJFOETBMTPEJNJOJTIFT5IFCSFBUIJOHNBZCFDPNF MBCPSFE BOEXIBUJOUIF8FTUXFDBMMUIFiEFBUISBUUMFuNBZCFIFBSE*OUIF5JCFUBO USBEJUJPO UIFDFTTBUJPOPGCSFBUIJOHBMTPNBSLTUIFTUBSUPGUIFOFYUGPVSQIBTFTPGUIF EZJOHQSPDFTT
5IFTF OFYU GPVS QIBTFT BSF BMM DPODFSOFE XJUI UIF dissolution of consciousness (ZBUTP 5JCFUBO USBEJUJPOIPMET UIBU TJNJMBS UPIPXUIFCBTJDFMFNFOUTCSFBL EPXO DPOTDJPVTOFTTEJTTPMWFTGSPNUIFHSPTTFSUPNPSFTVCUMF‡GSPNTFOTFBXBSFOFTT FNPUJPO UPUIFDPODFQUVBM8JUIUIJTEJTTPMVUJPOFNFSHFTUIFBQQFBSBODFPGWJWJEXIJUF MJHIU UIFOPSBOHFSFE GPMMPXFECZUIBUPGBWJWJECMBDLMJHIU XIJDISFDFEFTJOUPUIF clear light state‡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ardo Thodol Chenmo JT IFMQGVMBUUIJTUJNF5JCFUBOUSBEJUJPOTVHHFTUTUIBUBMUIPVHIUIFCPEZJTOPMPOHFSGVOD UJPOJOH UIFTVCUMFNJOESFNBJOTBDVUFMZBXBSF
3FNBSLBCMFGFBUVSFTBSFBUUSJCVUFEUPUIFDMFBS MJHIUDPOEJUJPO'PSPOF 5JCFUBO USBEJUJPOIPMET UIBU UIFCPEZEPFTOPUEFDBZXIFO UIFNJOE JT JODMFBS MJHIU FWFO JO XBSN DMJNBUFT (ZBUTP 5ISBOHV "OFDEPUBMMZ )JT)PMJOFTT UIF %BMBJ-BNBSFMBUFTUIBUIJTPXOTFOJPSUVUPS -JOH3JOQPDIF FYJTUFEJOBTUBUFPGDMFBS MJHIUGPSEBZT‡OPIFBSUCFBUPSDJSDVMBUJPOCVUSFNBSLBCMZOPEFDPNQPTJUJPOPGUIF CPEZ (ZBUTP 5JCFUBOUSBEJUJPOIPMETUIBUXIFOUIFNJOEJTJOUIFDMFBS
MJHIUTUBUF JUJTVOJNQFEFECZUIFCPEZBOEJTUIFSFGPSFBCMFUPUSBWFMBOZXIFSFJOUIF XPSMECZNFSFMZDPODFJWJOHJU*GUIFNJOEEPFTOPUGJOEMJCFSBUJPOEVSJOHUIJTQIBTF JU JTTBJEUPEFTDFOE5JCFUBOUFBDIJOHTDPOUFOEUIBUJUJTXIFOUIFDMFBSMJHIUTUBUFQBTTFT UIBUUIFNJOEFOUFSTUIFJOUFSNFEJBUFTUBUF XIFOQIZTJDBMEFBUIBDUVBMMZPDDVST
5IFNJOEXJMMJOJUJBMMZFODPVOUFSQFBDFGVMEFJUJFT XIPNBZSFNBJOGPSBTFFN JOHMZ MPOH UJNF 5ISBOHV 5IFO XSBUIGVM BOE TFNJXSBUIGVM EFJUJFT BSF CFMJFWFE UPNBOJGFTU 5JCFUBO USBEJUJPO TVHHFTUT UIBU EVSJOH UIF GJSTU TJY EBZT JO UIF CBSEP BTVDDFTTJPOPGJOEJWJEVBMEFJUJFTBOEUIFJSBUUFOEBOUMJHIUTBOESFUJOVFBQQFBS 0O UIF GJSTU UXP EBZT UIF EFJUJFT SFQSFTFOUJOH UIF DSFBUPS HPE BOE UIF TFDPOENPTU QPXFSGVMEFJUZBQQFBS8JUIUIFGJSTUDPNFTUIFGSJHIUFOJOHCSJHIUCMVFMJHIUPGIFBWFO XJUIUIFPUIFSDPNFTUIFEJN TNPLFZ MJHIUSFGMFDUJOHUIFSFBMNPGIFMM JUTOPUHPPE UPCFESBXOUPUIJTPOF 0OUIFTFWFOUIEBZ XBWFTPGXSBUIGVMBOETFNJXSBUIGVMEFJ UJFT CFHJO UP BQQFBS"MUIPVHI UIFNJOE DBOCF FBTJMZ ESBXO UP UIFQFBDFGVM EFJUJFT BOE GSJHIUFOFECZ UIFXSBUIGVMPOFT 5JCFUBO TBHFT BEWJTF UIBU UIFTF BSF BMM BDUVBMMZ BQQFBSBODFTPG UIFNJOE UIBUQFSWBEF UIFBXBSFOFTT &WBOT8FOU[ 'SFNBOUMF 5SVOHQB 4PHZBM *GUIFNJOEJTBCMFUPSFDPHOJ[FUIFNGPSXIBUUIFZ SFBMMZBSF UIFZEJTTPMWF QFSIBQTMFBEJOHUPMJCFSBUJPOPSFOMJHIUFONFOU5JCFUBOTHFO FSBMMZCFMJFWF UIBU UIFNJOE JT BCMF UP BDIJFWF MJCFSBUJPOBOZXIFSF JO UIFCBSEP CVU UIFZUIJOLJOEJWJEVBMkarma‡HPPEBOECBENFSJUFBSOFEJOMJGF‡XJMMVTVBMMZMFBEUP BOPUIFS DZDMF PG samsara-CJSUI TVGGFSJOH BOE EFBUI VOUJM UIF JOEJWJEVBM BDIJFWFT FOMJHIUFONFOU
ABRAHAMIC TRADITION
8JUI UIFJS PSJHJOT JO UIF .JEEMF &BTU UIF UISFF NPOPUIFJTUJD GBJUIT PG +VEBJTN $ISJTUJBOJUZ BOE*TMBNDPNQSJTFXIBUTDIPMBSTPGUFODBMMUIFAbrahamic tradition FH "MJ *TMBN0OMJOF *OTUJUVUFGPS"EWBODFE4UVEZPG3FMJHJPO ,IBO 4NJUI 8FJ[GFME 5IFOBNFHFUTJUTNFBOJOHGSPNUIFCJCMJDBMGJH VSF"CSBIBN XIP JT UIF BDLOPXMFEHFE QBUSJBSDI PG.VTMJNT +FXT BOE$ISJTUJBOT "DDPSEJOHUP+VEBJDBOE.VTMJNUSBEJUJPO "CSBIBNXBTUIFGBUIFSPG*TNBJM UISPVHI )BHBS BOE PG *TBBD UISPVHI IJT XJGF 4BSBI‡*TINBJMT EFTDFOEBOUT CFDPNJOH UIF "SBCT*TBBDTQSPHFOZUIF+FXT .FU[HFS.VSQIZ (FO
*OUIFFJHIUFFOUIDFOUVSZPGUIFDVSSFOUFSB TDIPMBSTDPJOFEUIFUFSNSemiticUPSFGFSUP QFPQMFTJOUIF.JEEMF&BTUXJUIDFSUBJOTJNJMBSJUJFTJOMBOHVBHFBOEDVMUVSF .D%BOOFMMŇ -BOH 5IJT HSPVQJOH JODMVEFT )FCSFXT BT XFMM BT "TTZSJBOT #BCZMPOJBOT $BBOBOJUFT BOE 1IPFOJDJBOT *O QSF+VEBJD UJNFT 4FNJUJD QFPQMF QJDUVSFE UIFXPSME BTTPNFUIJOHMJLFBCJHIPVTFXJUIBOVQQFSMFWFMGPSUIFHPET IFBWFO BNJEEMFMFWFM HJWFOUPIVNBOCFJOHTCZUIFHPET UIFFBSUI BOEBOVOEFSXPSMEDBMMFESheol XJUIB HSFBUDBWF XIFSFUIFHPETPGUIFOFUIFSXPSMEBOEUIFEFBEXFSFUIPVHIUUPSFTJEF‡B WFSZEJGGFSFOUDPODFQUGSPNUIBUPGIFMM XIJDIXBTDPODFJWFECZ;PSPBTUSJBOTBTBQMBDF PGQVOJTINFOU BDPODFQUUIBUEJEOPUHBJODVSSFODZXJUIUIF+FXTVOUJMMBUFSJOIJTUPSZ
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
5IF+FXJTILJOHEPNTPGOPSUIFSO*TSBFMBOETPVUIFSO+VEBIXFSFWBTTBMTUBUFTUPWBSJ PVTXPSMEQPXFSTBUEJGGFSFOUQPJOUT JOIJTUPSZ"GUFS UIFEFTUSVDUJPOPG UIFOPSUIFSO *TSBFMJLJOHEPNCZUIF"TTZSJBOTJO#$& BQJPVTGBDUJPOJO+VEBI XIJDITDIPMBST OPXDBMMi:BIXFIBMPOJTUT uTVDDFFEFEJOQSPIJCJUJOHUIFQSBDUJDFPGBODFTUPSXPSTIJQ .D%BOOFMM-BOH ,JOH)F[FLJBI m#$& PGUIFTPVUIFSOLJOHEPN PG+VEBI EFDSFFEUIBUBMMGJSTUCPSOTPOTCFDPOTFDSBUFEUP:BIXFI XIJDIXPVMETJH OJGJDBOUMZDIBOHF+FXJTIDVTUPN
5SBEJUJPOBMMZ GJSTUCPSOTPOTIBECFFOPCMJHBUFE UPDBSF GPS CVSZ BOEWFOFSBUF UIFJSQBSFOUT#ZNBOEBUJOHGJSTUCPSOTPOTCFDPOTFDSBUFEUP:BIXFI UIFZXFSFDMFW FSMZCBSSFEGSPNWFOFSBUJOHBODFTUPST UIFSFCZFSPEJOHUIJTBODJFOUQSBDUJDF"MUIPVHI +FXJTIQFPQMFXFSFTUJMMBMMPXFEUPQVUGPPEBOEPUIFSPGGFSJOHTBUUIFUPNCTPGUIFJS BODFTUPST JO#$&,JOH+PTJBICBOOFEBMMXPSTIJQCVUUP:BIXFIBMPOF'VSUIFS SFMJHJPVTUBCPPTXFSFQVUPODPOUBDUXJUIEFBECPEJFT DSFBUJOHBXJEFOJOHHBQCFUXFFO UIFMJWJOHBOEEFBE
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‡SFTVSSFDUFEXIFO(PEDBNFUPWBORVJTIFWJMPOFBSUI PODFBOEGPSBMM
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A sense of being dead Sudden awareness that one has had a fatal accident or has not survived an operation.
