ABSTRACT

Major characteristics of Hoffman’s model are its comprehensiveness and its flexibility. As shown by Hoffman’s Figure 1, the supply chain for each energy resource is represented in up to six stages, namely extraction, refining and conversion, transport, central station conversion, transmission and distribution, and decentralized conversion. From the demand side, the model starts with three demand sectors (combined residential and commercial, industrial, and transportation), proceeds to demand categories (e.g., space heating, air conditioning, water heating and cooling) and to specific classes of utilizing devices. Where appropriate, utilizing devices are separated by type (e.g., electric air conditioning and gas air conditioning). Each utilizing device is then connected to the appropriate energy source(s) on the supply side. For electric power the shape of the load curve is also considered. Energy System Network, U.S., 1969 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315667737/ef723a28-0ec7-48fd-9f7d-0e9e7cc74e4b/content/fig4_1_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>