Finding how it is possible for beings to exist in the modes of good (nīkī) and of evil (badī)

Good can be applied to two ideas (man’ā). (1) One of these is that intrinsic goodness (nīkī) which is in something due to itself and is good for itself. It is the perfection (virtue; kamāl) of a thing, for when it is absent from a thing, that thing is said to be deficient (nāqiṣ). It suffers in itself if it perceives an imperfection (naqṣī) and it perceives this imperfection totally (tamām). (2) ‘Good’ in the other instrumental sense is that due to which something else becomes better (nīkī bīshtar buwad). ¹