ABSTRACT

The body of knowledge concerned with risk, well-being and protection is founded primarily on universal developmental theories such as attachment theory (Bowlby 1988), which were formulated from empirical research and clinical experience largely conducted in Western countries (Korbin 1981; Henrich et al. 2010). These theories, answering such questions as ‘What is proper parenting?’ and ‘What constitutes proper treatment of a child?’ owe their primacy to Western values, worldviews and norms. They are also the source from which defi nitions of risk, abuse and neglect are derived.