ABSTRACT
The warfare of modernity speeded up all its processes. Technology was forced to find new weapons and production methods with an un characteristic haste. Scientists and engineers became state assets, and the ivory towers of universities opened up to military and government agencies. The distinctions between public and private institutions diminished as com monly perceived dangers to the nation evoked a collective corporate re sponse. Nationalism is never more strongly felt than in wartime. Commonly shared foreign enemies and sacrifices strengthened existing bonds of loyalty and dependency. In every nation the goals of the war were expressed in idealized national terms: “Revanche,” a “World Safe For Democracy,” and patriotic expressions of loyalty to king, kaiser, or czar were employed every where. The British, French, and other older colonial empires were maintained after World War I, in spite of strong movements toward decolonization. The British and French actually enlarged their colonial influence after the war in the African and Asian colonies taken from Germany and in some contested areas that were placed under their “Mandate,” a new term for administrative oversight by which they were given responsibility sanctioned by the League of Nations.
