ABSTRACT
The Japanese system of expropriating labor in North China went through two phases after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident (or China Incident) on July 7, 1937. The first was a period of recruitment of labor through deceit prior to the establishment of the North China Labor Association in July 1941. The second was a period of total domination and forced conscription, with the association acting as an administrative and executive organ of the Japanese.
