ABSTRACT
Introduction Twentieth-century governance and public administration in the Middle East has been signicantly impacted by the creation of most Middle Eastern nation-states by colonial powers after World War I, most notably France and Great Britain (Sorenson 2013). The inorganic nature of this creation provided an environment for injustice to be institutionalized and for marginalization and alienation of the public to become the norm. Although similar processes occurred in other parts of the world, including in Africa and Asia, in the Middle East its consequences have been particularly severe. Some observers suggest that some of the origins of the region’s current failed states are a result of the nature of their birth (Lynch 2013).
