ABSTRACT
At the current time there are only a handful of countries that have criminalised doping, most notably Italy, Spain, Slovenia and Belgium (for reviews of international anti-doping legislation, see Houlihan & Garcia, 2012; Zaksaite & Radke, 2014). In addition, in France, there are criminal laws concerned with the trafficking of drugs which are used in anti-doping cases (McKenzie, 2007). The lack of any internationally consistent legislation on doping is clearly a concern. As (Donati, 2007: p. 11) asks: ‘If criminal organizations are so pragmatic and globalised, why should criminal laws, criminal authorities, police forces and the World Health Organization not be as practical and efficient? Why do they not even try?’. In other countries, most notably the UK and Australia, legislation that falls short of criminalisation has been introduced to support anti-doping efforts. This includes the creation of government-run anti-doping authorities who are charged with anti-doping education, detection and punishments.
