ABSTRACT
The late 20th century witnessed modest growth in research and design of urban landscapes in the modern Middle East. The benchmark in the mid-20th century was low, both in terms of landscape architectural practice and research on historical landscapes. Landscape architecture is in many universities of the region a postgraduate degree for architects, situated in schools of engineering. It has developed more slowly than either architecture in the Middle East or landscape architecture in Europe, North America, and East Asia.1 It has drawn in limited ways upon natural and cultural landscape research in the region. Research on historical urban landscapes has likewise been limited. It is distributed across fields ranging from archaeology to history, geography, architectural history, and conservation – but it is central to none of them.
