ABSTRACT

The arrows in Figure 42.1 represent sets of possible pathways linking social class, smoking, drinking and psychiatric distress. Those labelled ‘A’ show that smoking, drinking and psychiatric distress

Social class

Psychiatric distress

Smoking Drinking

A A

A

B

B

C

A: Social class as a common cause B: Physiological/social mechanisms C: Self-medication

B

C

Figure 42.1 Smoking, drinking and psychiatric distress: interlinking pathways.