ABSTRACT
At the turn ofthe century The ReverendJosiah Strong (cited by Gould 1977, p. 131) put forward biogenetic arguments for the annexation of the Philippines by the USA; he declared that 'Filipinos' as a race were no more capable of selfgovernment than undeveloped children. The famous criminologist Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909) taught that, owing to recapitulation, each child passes through a savage (more or less equated with criminal) phase; most grow out of this, but some remain biologically anchored at that stage and this is one major (though not the only) source of criminality.
