ABSTRACT
The fact about writing systems that has been the centrepiece of this monograph is that orthographies are multiple codes on language. An alphabet, for example, not only systematically records the phonemes of language but also systematically records larger units of sound, such as syllables, and units of meaning, such as morphemes and words. Readers could in principle operate at any of these levels, each making different demands on phonological awareness, on decoding processes, and on memory.
