ABSTRACT
Joseph, an 8-year-old boy, presents with behavioral problems at school and is argumentative at home. Maria, a 6-year-old girl, was observed engaging her dolls in simulated sexual acts at school, but otherwise appears to be experiencing no psychological distress. Austin, a 16-year-old boy, presents with low mood, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. Shana, a 12-year-old girl, complains of nightmares and difficulty concentrating and has trouble experiencing happiness. Which of these youth has a trauma history? The answer is: all of them.
